Supplementary Data for: Glacial erosion and Quaternary landscape development of the Eurasian Arctic

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Article abstract: Multiple ice age cycles spanning the last three million years have fundamentally transformed the Arctic landscape. The cadence, intensity and pattern of this glacial modification underpin the stability of Arctic geosystems over geologic time scales, including its hydrology, circulation patterns, slope stability, hydrocarbon fluid flow, geochemical/sediment cycling and nutrient supply. The Barents Shelf provides a unique arena to investigate long-term landscape evolution as it has undergone significant glacial modification during the Quaternary and has an extensive stratigraphic data repository motivated by decades of hydrocarbon seismic and well exploration. Here, we assimilate new geological datasets with ice sheet erosion modelling to incrementally reconstruct the geomorphic evolution of the Eurasian Arctic domain over each of the 47 glaciations since the intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation ~2.74 Ma. We utilise this time-transgressive framework to review hypotheses regarding the heterogenous development of the Barents Shelf and the timing of key topographic reconfiguration episodes. Our results demonstrate that up to 2.6 km of bedrock was glacially removed to the shelf margins, and though the mean rate of erosion declines over the Quaternary, the efficacy of glacial erosion has a more complex timeline. Initially, erosion was highly effective as large expanses of the Eurasian Arctic switched from subaerial exposure to marine conditions around 2 Ma ago. Thereafter, erosional efficacy decreased as the landscape desensitized to successive glaciations but, after 1 Ma, it increased as a dynamic, marine-based ice sheet drained by ice streams expanded, selectively eroding large outlet troughs to the shelf edge. Critically for Arctic climate, at ~0.69 Ma this episode of enhanced preferential erosion opened up the Barents Seaway establishing a new circulation pathway between the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. Our 4D landscape reconstruction provides key boundary conditions for paleoclimate models and establishes a new framework for assessing the profound impact of late-Cenozoic glaciation on the Eurasian Arctic landscape.

Constraining information related to sediment volumes and partitioning used in the erosion model were sourced from the following publications:

Dowdeswell, J.A., Ottesen, D., Rise, L., 2010. Rates of sediment delivery from the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet through an ice age. Geology 38, 3–6. https://doi.org/10.1130/G25523.1

Hjelstuen, B.O., Sejrup, H.P., 2021. Latitudinal variability in the Quaternary development of the Eurasian ice sheets—Evidence from the marine domain. Geology 49, 346–351. https://doi.org/10.1130/G48106.1

Lasabuda, A., Geissler, W.H., Laberg, J.S., Knutsen, S.-M., Rydningen, T.A., Berglar, K., 2018. Late Cenozoic Erosion Estimates for the Northern Barents Sea: Quantifying Glacial Sediment Input to the Arctic Ocean. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 19, 4876–4903. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GC007882

Lien, Ø.F., Hjelstuen, B.O., Zhang, X., Sejrup, H.P., 2022. Late Plio-Pleistocene evolution of the Eurasian Ice Sheets inferred from sediment input along the northeastern Atlantic continental margin. Quaternary Science Reviews 282, 107433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107433