Background data for: Exploring time-telling expressions: A cross-linguistic study of German, Czech, and Russian

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Panfilova, Elena, 2026, "Background data for: Exploring time-telling expressions: A cross-linguistic study of German, Czech, and Russian", https://doi.org/10.18710/3ZNR10, DataverseNO, V1
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Description

Dataset abstract: The dataset contains 396 written responses produced by native speakers of German, Czech, and Russian (132 participants per language group). Each participant described one analog clock stimulus representing a five‑minute interval within a 12‑hour cycle (12:05–11:55). Participants were explicitly instructed to write the time in words and as naturally as possible in order to avoid numeric responses (e.g., “12:35”). The responses were transcribed and classified according to the type of time expression used. Utterances were categorized as absolute expressions when the hour number was followed by the minute number (e.g., “three twenty”), and as relative expressions when the minute expression (e.g., quarter, half, or the minute number) preceded the hour reference (e.g., “quarter past three”, “half four”). The same classification criteria were applied consistently across the three languages (German, Czech, and Russian).

(2023-11-09)

Publication abstract: This study explores how speakers of German, Czech, and Russian read analog clocks and which of the two distinct systems for expressing time (absolute or relative) they tend to prefer. Additionally, we investigated the reference point hypothesis in languages that have not previously been studied in this context. Our findings reveal that speakers of German, Czech, and Russian predominantly use relative expressions. Furthermore, our in-depth analyses of time expressions in Czech and Russian revealed a propensity to transition from the absolute to the relative system near the hourly reference point. Conversely, in German, more varied expressions were found around the half-hour region, where the reference point shifts from the past to the upcoming hour. These results provide new insights into the traditions of time-telling in a cross-linguistic comparison.

(2026-05-29)
Subject Arts and Humanities
Keyword time expressions, experimental data, German, Czech, Russian, analog clock reading, reference point hypothesis
Related Publication Is Supplement To: Panfilova, E., & Mertins, B. (2026). Exploring time-telling expressions: A cross-linguistic study of German, Czech, and Russian. Linguistik Online, 142(1), 41-62. https://doi.org/10.13092/2agh1175doi: doi.org/10.13092/2agh1175
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