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Persistent Identifier
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doi:10.18710/FPNLKS |
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Publication Date
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2026-08-06 |
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Title
| Turkish BIT Clause-Level Annotation Dataset (1962–2025) |
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Author
| Pehlivan, Oguz Kaanhttps://ror.org/01xtthb56ORCIDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0136-5389 |
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Point of Contact
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Use email button above to contact.
Pehlivan, Oguz Kaan (University of Oslo) |
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Description
| A clause-level annotation dataset coding all 132 international investment agreements of the Republic of Türkiye (1962–2025) against 118 substantive variables following the UNCTAD IIA Mapping Project methodology, extended with custom variables for Turkish treaty practice. Treaties were signed between 1962 and April 2024; treaty-status metadata are tracked through 31 December 2025. This is the analytical companion to Dataset 1 (the Treaty Corpus): where Dataset 1 answers what the treaties say, this dataset answers what substantive provisions each treaty contains and how they are formulated.
The main table (treaty_annotations, 132 rows × 122 columns) is accompanied by 1,739 article-level clause extracts, a coding-provenance log, a full codebook, and five visualisations with an interactive variable explorer. The dataset operationalises the Pehlivan FPS Typology, classifying Full Protection and Security clauses into seven types (A–G).
Key findings
- FPS distribution: A=6, B=29, C=32, D=2, E=10, F=5, G=48; the largest category (Type G, 36.4%) is the absence of any FPS clause, while the minimum-standard formulation (Type C) dominates the post-2010 generation.
- FET: 87 treaties qualify FET by international law or a minimum standard, 38 use unqualified FET, 7 contain no FET clause.
- Dispute settlement: ISDS is near-universal; only the Germany 1962 treaty and the Islamic Development Bank MoU lack it, and ICSID is available in 123 treaties.
- Rebalancing without reform of the core: denial-of-benefits clauses appear in 37 treaties and umbrella clauses in 15; 54 treaties contain at least one non-binding ESG-related provision, but no treaty imposes enforceable environmental, labour, or CSR obligations.
Related datasets
This dataset is part of a three-dataset Turkish BIT corpus, all deposited on DataverseNO at the University of Oslo:
Dataset 1: Turkish BIT Treaty Corpus
DataverseNO DOI: 10.18710/JX4WHH
(also on Zenodo: 10.5281/zenodo.20492364)
Dataset 2: Turkish BIT Clause-Level Annotation Dataset(this dataset)
(118 substantive variables coded per treaty)
DataverseNO DOI: 10.18710/FPNLKS
Dataset 3: Turkish BIT Treaty Diffusion and Genealogy Network
(textual similarity, treaty families, genealogy edges)
DataverseNO DOI: 10.18710/WA7HEO (2026-06-12) |
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Subject
| Law; Social Sciences |
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Keyword
| bilateral investment treaties
international investment agreements
international investment law
investment treaty design
investor-state dispute settlement
full protection and security
treaty text as data
Türkiye
Turkey
UNCTAD IIA Mapping Project
clause-level coding
treaty annotations
fair and equitable treatment |
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Related Publication
| References: Pehlivan, O. K. (2024). Yatırım antlaşmalarında yer alan tam koruma ve güvenlik standardı çerçevesinde dijital varlıkların korunması [Protection of digital assets under the full protection and security standard in investment treaties]. Doctoral thesis, Ankara University, Institute of Social Sciences (defended 26 February 2024). YÖK Thesis No. 867377. url https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/TezGoster?key=KMB79M3N7zK1UR2WYeRgQoc7gc77xSuh1KPnw2HcgLJ0Kp2Uqe8otsm81eLS2JOS |
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Producer
| University of Oslo (UiO) https://www.uio.no/english/ |
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Distributor
| University of Oslo (UiO) https://dataverse.no/dataverse/uio |
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Depositor
| Pehlivan, Oguz Kaan |
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Deposit Date
| 2026-06-12 |
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Time Period
| Start Date: 1962-06-20; End Date: 2025-12-31 |
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Data Type
| clause-level annotation data; coding provenance records |
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Series
| Turkish BIT Corpus (1962–2025): Dataset 2 of 3: Clause-Level Annotations. Dataset 1: Treaty Corpus (doi:10.18710/JX4WHH); Dataset 3: Diffusion and Genealogy Network (doi:10.18710/WA7HEO). |
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Software
| Python, Version: 3 |
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Related Material
| Source texts and article-by-article extracts are in Dataset 1 (doi:10.18710/JX4WHH); the similarity and genealogy network derived from these annotations is Dataset 3 (doi:10.18710/WA7HEO). |
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Related Dataset
| Pehlivan, O. K. (2026). Turkish Bilateral Investment Treaties Corpus (1962–2025). DataverseNO. https://doi.org/10.18710/JX4WHH; Pehlivan, O. K. (2026). Turkish BIT Treaty Diffusion and Genealogy Network (1962–2025). DataverseNO. https://doi.org/10.18710/WA7HEO |
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Other Reference
| UNCTAD IIA Mapping Project, https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/iia-mapping |
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Data Source
| Coded by the author directly from the cleaned treaty texts in Dataset 1 of this corpus (Turkish BIT Treaty Corpus, doi:10.18710/JX4WHH), which compiles the official treaty texts promulgated in the Resmî Gazete (Official Gazette of the Republic of Türkiye), cross-checked against the UNCTAD Investment Policy Hub and counterparty-state official gazettes; no external data are redistributed. Variable definitions follow the publicly documented UNCTAD IIA Mapping Project methodology, with attribution; all values were coded independently by the author. |
